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Actuaries

SOC 15-2011.00Job Zone 4 · Considerable Preparationv.26.05

Context coveredThis framework covers actuarial practice in insurance, pension, and consulting environments — spanning statistical modeling, plan design, regulatory communication, and enterprise risk strategy.

Sources:O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.SkillsCrosswalkSkillsCrosswalk — O*NET enrichment + adjacency index. Opens in new tab.
Emerging
Entry / Apprentice
  1. Statistical data sets — compile and organize under direct supervision to support mortality, accident, and disability rate estimation projects.
  2. Spreadsheet software and office suite tools — apply to perform basic actuarial calculations following established templates and protocols.
  3. Probability concepts and mathematical reasoning — demonstrate by completing guided exercises in life table construction and rate analysis.
  4. Premium rate inputs and reserve assumptions — identify and document under supervisor direction for use in standard insurance pricing models.
  5. Technical reports and actuarial memoranda — draft initial sections using approved formats under close editorial review.
  6. Insurance policy structures and annuity contract terms — recognize and explain basic features when reviewing existing plan documentation.
  7. Database query tools and analytical software — execute pre-built queries to retrieve actuarial data sets for senior analyst review.
  8. Regulatory and compliance requirements — research and summarize relevant statutes under guidance to support policy administration tasks.
  9. Cross-functional team meetings with underwriters and claims experts — participate actively, taking notes and clarifying task assignments.
  10. Mathematics and economics principles — apply foundational knowledge to verify simple actuarial calculations in a supervised office environment.
Developing
Mid-level / Established
  1. Mortality, accident, sickness, and disability rate tables — analyze statistical information and produce preliminary estimates with limited oversight in an insurance company setting.
  2. Premium rate calculations and cash reserve projections — perform using standard actuarial methods to support policy pricing under periodic supervisory review.
  3. Probability tables for events such as fires, natural disasters, and unemployment — construct by synthesizing historical data and statistical models with moderate independence.
  4. Insurance and pension plan reviews — conduct against financial soundness criteria, flagging anomalies and recommending adjustments to senior actuaries.
  5. Actuarial findings and technical summaries — present clearly to internal stakeholders, adapting language for non-technical audiences in routine business contexts.
  6. Business intelligence and data analysis software — use proficiently to automate recurring actuarial workflows and validate model outputs.
  7. Surplus earnings distribution calculations — perform for participating insurance and annuity contracts in mutual company environments using established equitable-basis frameworks.
  8. New line-of-business feasibility analyses — support by modeling financial scenarios and communicating results to underwriters and product development teams.
  9. Client engagements on a consulting basis — manage defined project tasks, delivering accurate actuarial work products within agreed timelines.
  10. Complex actuarial problems — diagnose root causes and adapt standard analytical approaches to resolve them within familiar organizational contexts.
Proficient
Senior / Expert IC
  1. Cash reserves, liabilities, and premium rates — determine independently across multiple product lines to ensure long-term solvency for insurance and annuity portfolios.
  2. Mortality, morbidity, and retirement rate models — design and validate using advanced statistical and analytical software, interpreting non-routine data patterns autonomously.
  3. Insurance, annuity, and pension plan frameworks — review, design, and administer end-to-end, assessing financial soundness and setting actuarially sound premiums.
  4. Equitable surplus distribution methodologies — determine and implement for participating contracts in mutual companies, justifying assumptions to senior management and regulators.
  5. Probability tables for catastrophic and low-frequency events — construct by integrating diverse statistical data sources and pertinent environmental intelligence.
  6. Company policy on risk and financial strategy — help formulate by synthesizing actuarial insights with business objectives and communicating recommendations to executives.
  7. Complex technical actuarial matters — explain to government officials, shareholders, and policyholders through clear written and oral communication across regulatory and public forums.
  8. Consulting engagements — lead independently, scoping client needs, delivering actionable actuarial analyses, and managing deliverables across contract lifecycle.
  9. Cross-disciplinary project teams with programmers, underwriters, and claims experts — coordinate to develop new business lines and improve existing product performance.
  10. Systems-level evaluation of actuarial models and business processes — conduct to identify inefficiencies and recommend data-driven improvements within enterprise environments.
Advanced
Lead / Principal / Executive
  1. Enterprise-wide actuarial strategy and risk frameworks — set and champion at the executive level to align financial soundness objectives with long-term organizational goals.
  2. Reserve adequacy, premium rate adequacy, and liability management policies — establish and govern across all lines of business, presenting conclusions to boards and regulatory bodies.
  3. Actuarial talent pipeline — develop by mentoring junior and mid-level actuaries, designing structured learning pathways tied to professional examination milestones.
  4. Innovative actuarial methodologies for emerging risks — lead development of, integrating new statistical techniques and technology tools into organizational standard practice.
  5. Company policy on complex risk exposures — determine at the senior leadership level, synthesizing actuarial, legal, economic, and market intelligence for executive decision-making.
  6. Strategic consulting relationships with major clients — cultivate and oversee, ensuring actuarial advice drives client financial resilience and competitive positioning.
  7. Regulatory dialogue with government officials on pension, insurance, and financial solvency matters — lead as primary organizational representative, translating technical positions into policy-relevant language.
  8. Cross-functional leadership of new business development initiatives — direct, integrating actuarial, underwriting, technology, and finance teams to bring financially sound products to market.
  9. Organizational actuarial governance standards and model risk management frameworks — author and enforce to ensure integrity, compliance, and auditability of all actuarial work products.
  10. Thought leadership on actuarial practice in public, industry, and shareholder forums — provide through authoritative written publications and executive-level presentations that shape sector standards.

AI-at-Work Competency Framework

Sources:Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab.Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab.WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab.
Subscriber feature

Authoritative source data identified for 998 occupations

How a worker at each mastery level uses, directs, and evaluates AI tools in this occupation. Each statement cites its evidence inline; click a citation chip to verify the source.

Emerging
  1. AI-assisted data retrieval — uses LLM tools to pull and organize mortality tables, loss data, and actuarial tables from structured sources, then manually verifies the figures before incorporating them into reports Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab..
  2. Statistical query delegation — submits well-defined probability or distribution questions to an AI assistant, cross-checking outputs against known benchmarks before accepting results Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
Developing
  1. Preliminary rate calculation support — directs an AI tool to run initial premium-rate estimates and reserve projections from specified inputs, then reviews every assumption and intermediate step for actuarial soundness Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
  2. Regulatory document drafting — delegates first-draft actuarial memoranda and plan summaries to an AI assistant, editing for technical accuracy, regulatory compliance, and professional tone before submission Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab..
  3. Mortality and morbidity modeling acceleration — uses AI-generated regression outputs and scenario tables to compress the iterative modeling cycle, retaining authorship of the underlying assumptions and risk classifications Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
Proficient
  1. Reserve and liability scenario orchestration — directs an AI agent through multi-assumption sensitivity analyses for cash reserves and benefit liabilities, specifying boundary conditions and validating outputs against actuarial standards of practice Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
  2. Cross-functional insight synthesis — feeds underwriting, claims, and demographic data into AI tools to surface patterns for new-line-of-business proposals, then integrates findings with judgment about market conditions and regulatory constraints when briefing senior management Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  3. Complex problem decomposition — breaks multi-period pension or annuity valuation problems into discrete sub-tasks assigned to AI tools, then assembles and reconciles partial outputs into a coherent actuarial opinion Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  4. Stakeholder communication drafting — uses AI to translate dense actuarial findings into plain-language summaries for executives, policyholders, and regulators, applying professional judgment to ensure technical precision is not sacrificed for readability Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab..
Advanced
  1. Automated workflow governance — designs and governs end-to-end AI-assisted actuarial pipelines covering data ingestion, model fitting, reserve calculation, and report generation, establishing human review checkpoints at each stage where judgment and accountability are non-delegable Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
  2. AI capability boundary setting — evaluates the automation feasibility of each actuarial task class against the occupation's Q1 displacement-risk profile, and defines firm-level policies specifying which decisions require credentialed actuary sign-off versus which can be AI-executed with audit trails Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  3. Model risk oversight — audits AI-generated actuarial models for embedded biases, distributional assumptions, and edge-case failures, then communicates identified risks and remediation requirements to programmers, underwriters, and senior leadership Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  4. Strategic AI adoption leadership — leads the evaluation and integration of new LLM and quantitative AI tools into the actuarial function, benchmarking time-savings and accuracy trade-offs against the department's fiduciary obligations and professional standards Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab..
Evidence pack
AEI usage
Task observations: 2653
Augment share: 95%
Time saved: 76.6%
AI autonomy: 3.36
SAFI positioning
Top skill: Mathematics
Score: 73.2 / 100
Quadrant: Q1_high_displacement_risk
precision: exact
WEF cluster
Artificial Intelligence
artificial_intelligence
Sources:Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab.Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab.WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab.

Pathsmith Durable Skills Framework

Sources:Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Subscriber feature

Ten durable-skill domains mapped to four proficiency/role levels for each occupation. Each statement is aligned to the Pathsmith taxonomy, derived from trusted grounding data and mapped to occupation-specific O*NET tasks and skills.

1Communication13 statements
Emerging
  1. Actuarial terminology introduction — uses foundational statistical and financial vocabulary when presenting basic findings to peers in team settings Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Written report drafting — constructs basic summaries of mortality or disability rate analyses for internal review audiences Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Active listening practice — attends to stakeholder questions during introductory client or underwriter meetings to clarify actuarial assumptions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Technical-to-lay translation — explains probability tables and reserve calculations to non-technical colleagues with increasing clarity and reduced jargon Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Stakeholder briefing preparation — develops structured presentations of premium rate determinations for review by senior management or compliance teams Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Cross-functional dialogue — participates in collaborative sessions with programmers and underwriters to communicate modeling assumptions and data requirements Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Executive communication — presents complex actuarial findings on financial soundness of pension or insurance plans to company executives and government officials with precision and confidence Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Policyholder disclosure — explains surplus earnings distributions and annuity contract terms to policyholders and shareholders in plain, accurate language Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Regulatory testimony — articulates actuarial methodologies and reserve calculations to government regulators using discipline-specific evidence and structured reasoning Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  4. Consulting deliverables — produces polished written reports and oral briefings for contract clients that translate statistical risk models into actionable business recommendations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Enterprise risk narrative — crafts comprehensive communications that align actuarial risk assessments with organizational strategy for board-level audiences Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Public risk communication — leads public-facing explanations of catastrophic risk probability models such as natural disaster or unemployment tables for policy or media audiences Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Communication standards mentorship — coaches junior actuaries in translating technical analyses into persuasive, audience-appropriate formats across written and oral channels Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
2Leadership11 statements
Emerging
  1. Project contribution — takes ownership of assigned subtasks within larger actuarial modeling or plan design projects under supervisor guidance Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Initiative in analysis — proactively identifies data gaps in mortality or sickness rate datasets and flags them to senior actuaries before deadlines Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Workstream coordination — organizes task sequences within a cross-functional team of programmers and claims experts developing a new line of business Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Junior analyst guidance — provides day-to-day direction to actuarial analysts on data preparation and probability table construction methods Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Decision accountability — accepts responsibility for actuarial assumptions embedded in premium rate recommendations submitted to leadership Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Cross-functional project leadership — leads collaborative actuarial projects spanning underwriting, accounting, and senior management to ensure analytical integrity and on-time delivery Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Policy development influence — shapes company policy determinations by providing authoritative actuarial guidance to executive and regulatory decision makers Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Consulting engagement leadership — manages full consulting engagements for contract clients from scoping through final recommendation delivery Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Actuarial practice leadership — sets the analytical standards, workflows, and ethical frameworks for an actuarial department or consulting practice Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Strategic business development — leads the design of new insurance, annuity, or pension product lines by integrating actuarial rigor with enterprise business objectives Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Profession-level influence — contributes to actuarial standards bodies, regulatory comment processes, or industry working groups that shape practice at a sector level Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
3Metacognition10 statements
Emerging
  1. Learning gap identification — recognizes specific deficiencies in statistical or financial modeling knowledge and identifies resources to address them Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Assumption self-review — reflects on the validity of simplifying assumptions made in early-stage probability table construction before submitting work for review Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Study strategy calibration — adjusts actuarial exam preparation methods based on diagnostic performance to optimize mastery across tested domains Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Model reasoning audit — traces the logical steps behind a reserve calculation to verify internal consistency and identify where reasoning may have been flawed Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Feedback integration — incorporates reviewer critique of actuarial reports into revised analytical approaches for subsequent assignments Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Cognitive bias monitoring — identifies when anchoring or availability heuristics may be distorting loss probability estimates and applies corrective analytical checks Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Expertise boundary awareness — accurately delineates the scope of one's actuarial competence when advising on interdisciplinary issues involving law, economics, or technology Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Learning plan management — constructs and executes a structured continuing education plan aligned with credential maintenance requirements and evolving actuarial practice Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Metacognitive modeling for teams — facilitates reflective practice sessions that help actuarial teams identify collective blind spots in risk modeling processes Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Epistemic humility in uncertainty — explicitly communicates the bounds of actuarial knowledge when presenting models of unprecedented risk events such as pandemic or climate scenarios to executive audiences Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
4Critical Thinking11 statements
Emerging
  1. Data plausibility checking — evaluates whether input datasets for mortality or accident rate analyses fall within historically reasonable ranges before proceeding with modeling Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Assumption identification — identifies explicit and implicit assumptions embedded in a given premium rate calculation or reserve estimate Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Evidence-based model selection — evaluates competing actuarial models for estimating disability or retirement rates by comparing their empirical support, assumptions, and limitations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Regulatory requirement analysis — reads and interprets complex legal and governmental standards to assess their implications for plan design and reserve requirements Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Counterfactual reasoning — constructs alternative scenarios to stress-test financial soundness projections for insurance and pension plans under adverse conditions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Multi-variable risk judgment — synthesizes statistical, economic, and actuarial evidence to render well-reasoned judgments on equitable surplus earnings distribution under participating contracts Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Systems evaluation — assesses the overall performance of insurance or pension systems by evaluating whether actuarial outputs align with observed claims experience and regulatory benchmarks Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Consulting problem diagnosis — deconstructs client business problems into their actuarial components to determine whether new line development or existing line modification is the appropriate solution Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Novel risk framework construction — develops original analytical frameworks for evaluating emerging risks such as cyber liability or longevity trends not addressed by existing actuarial tables Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Enterprise-level critical scrutiny — challenges company policy proposals by subjecting their financial and actuarial assumptions to rigorous independent analysis before executive adoption Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Peer review leadership — leads formal actuarial peer review processes that identify errors in reasoning, data, or methodology across large-scale pension or insurance valuations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
5Collaboration10 statements
Emerging
  1. Team data sharing — contributes cleaned datasets and documented assumptions to shared actuarial modeling workspaces used by cross-functional teams Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Meeting participation — engages constructively in working sessions with underwriters or claims experts by asking clarifying questions and sharing relevant quantitative observations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Interdisciplinary coordination — works alongside programmers to validate that actuarial model logic is correctly implemented in software tools used for premium calculations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Conflict navigation — resolves disagreements between actuarial findings and underwriting or accounting interpretations by facilitating evidence-based discussion Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Shared goal alignment — coordinates with claims experts and senior management to ensure that new business line assumptions reflect operational realities and market conditions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Cross-functional plan development — collaborates with underwriters, accountants, legal counsel, and executives to design financially sound and compliant insurance and annuity products Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Client partnership — works as a consulting partner with client organizations, integrating their operational context into actuarial analyses to produce relevant and implementable recommendations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Regulatory collaboration — partners with government officials during plan review processes to respond to technical queries and incorporate regulatory feedback into reserve and premium structures Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Collaboration architecture — designs and institutionalizes cross-functional actuarial collaboration workflows that reduce rework, accelerate decision cycles, and improve analytical quality Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Industry coalition participation — represents the actuarial function in multi-organization working groups developing shared standards for mortality tables, disaster risk models, or accounting frameworks Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
6Character10 statements
Emerging
  1. Professional code awareness — demonstrates knowledge of the actuarial code of professional conduct and its application to confidentiality and objectivity in basic assignments Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Accuracy commitment — double-checks arithmetic and statistical inputs in premium rate calculations before submission to prevent errors that affect policyholder obligations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Objectivity under pressure — maintains actuarially sound conclusions when organizational or client stakeholders advocate for more favorable but less defensible assumptions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Transparent documentation — records all material assumptions, data sources, and methods in actuarial reports so that work is fully auditable and reproducible Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Conflict of interest avoidance — identifies and discloses potential conflicts of interest when providing consulting advice on contract to clients Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Ethical opinion delivery — provides independent, professionally grounded actuarial opinions to company executives and regulators even when findings are commercially inconvenient Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Accountability in public disclosure — accepts full professional responsibility for actuarial certifications, reserve statements, and policy recommendations made to shareholders or government bodies Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Equitable analysis conduct — ensures that surplus earnings distributions and premium rate structures are calculated on an equitable basis free from discriminatory or arbitrary factors Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Professional standards stewardship — actively participates in actuarial standards of practice development to strengthen the ethical and technical foundations of the profession Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Culture of integrity — models and reinforces a departmental culture in which actuarial findings are never adjusted for political or commercial expediency, setting a visible standard for junior staff Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
7Creativity9 statements
Emerging
  1. Alternative assumption exploration — considers multiple plausible sets of mortality or disability assumptions when standard tables may not fit a novel population Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Data visualization experimentation — tries different graphical representations of probability distributions to find the most informative format for internal stakeholders Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Model adaptation — modifies existing actuarial models to accommodate new product features or non-standard risk profiles encountered in emerging business lines Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Innovative scenario design — constructs creative stress-test scenarios for catastrophe probability tables that extend beyond historical experience to anticipate future risk environments Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. New product architecture — designs the actuarial structure of a new insurance or annuity product line from first principles, selecting and combining modeling approaches to achieve financial soundness and market viability Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Novel risk quantification — develops original methods for quantifying previously unmodeled risks such as climate-related losses or emerging mortality trends for use in reserve calculations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Consulting solution invention — generates non-standard actuarial solutions for complex client problems that existing frameworks do not adequately address Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Actuarial methodology innovation — invents or significantly extends actuarial methodologies that become adopted as practice standards within the profession or a specific industry segment Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Cross-disciplinary synthesis — integrates concepts from data science, behavioral economics, or epidemiology into actuarial frameworks to produce models with greater predictive accuracy than conventional approaches Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
8Growth Mindset10 statements
Emerging
  1. Exam setback response — treats a failed actuarial exam sitting as diagnostic information and revises study strategy rather than attributing the outcome to fixed ability Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Feedback receptivity — accepts critique of probability table construction or reserve estimates from senior actuaries and applies corrections without defensiveness Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Continuing education engagement — pursues fellowship examination stages and professional development coursework as opportunities to deepen competence rather than as compliance obligations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Technology adoption — embraces new statistical software, programming languages, or data platforms as tools that expand actuarial capability rather than as threats to established methods Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Complexity seeking — volunteers for assignments involving unfamiliar risk types or regulatory environments to accelerate professional development Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Persistent problem resolution — sustains rigorous analytical effort on intractable actuarial problems such as pricing novel catastrophe risks without retreating to oversimplified solutions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Constructive critique integration — incorporates peer review findings and regulatory feedback into iteratively improved actuarial models and plan designs Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Emerging risk learning — proactively studies new domains such as climate science, cybersecurity, or longevity medicine to maintain relevant actuarial insight as risk landscapes evolve Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Learning culture cultivation — establishes team norms and structured learning programs within an actuarial department that normalize challenge, effort, and iterative improvement Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Failure analysis leadership — leads post-project reviews when actuarial models underperform relative to actual experience, extracting systemic lessons rather than assigning individual blame Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
9Mindfulness9 statements
Emerging
  1. Focused analysis practice — maintains sustained attention during complex statistical data review to avoid errors in mortality or disability rate calculations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Stress recognition — identifies early signs of cognitive overload during high-volume valuation cycles and uses brief recovery strategies to restore analytical accuracy Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Deliberate decision pacing — resists time-pressure-induced shortcuts when determining premium rates or reserve levels by building in structured review checkpoints Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Emotional regulation in review — manages frustration or defensiveness when actuarial assumptions are challenged by underwriters or executives, maintaining reasoned rather than reactive engagement Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Intentional stakeholder presence — gives full, undistracted attention during consulting client briefings or executive presentations to accurately perceive questions and concerns in real time Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. High-stakes composure — maintains methodological rigor and professional composure when presenting adverse reserve findings or unfavorable risk assessments to senior leadership under organizational pressure Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Cognitive load management — structures complex actuarial workstreams with deliberate sequencing and attention management to sustain accuracy across extended valuation projects Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Mindful leadership modeling — demonstrates and teaches intentional, non-reactive decision-making practices within the actuarial team, improving collective analytical quality during high-pressure periods Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Systemic attention design — architects actuarial review workflows that build in structured reflection points, reducing errors and improving the quality of judgments on consequential reserve and premium decisions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
10Fortitude9 statements
Emerging
  1. Examination persistence — continues systematic preparation through multiple actuarial credentialing examination attempts, treating each attempt as progress toward mastery Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Ambiguity tolerance — proceeds with structured analysis when assigned to risk types where historical data is sparse or incomplete, rather than halting work pending perfect information Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Sustained complex problem engagement — maintains analytical rigor across extended actuarial projects involving large datasets, multiple stakeholders, and evolving regulatory requirements Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Adverse finding delivery — presents findings that financial reserves are inadequate or that premium rates must rise significantly to company leadership without softening or deflecting the actuarial conclusion Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Regulatory challenge navigation — persists through protracted regulatory review processes for new pension or insurance plan designs, responding to multiple rounds of queries with consistent technical thoroughness Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Crisis actuarial response — sustains high-quality analytical output during organizational crises such as mass casualty events or severe market dislocations that dramatically alter loss probability assumptions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Unpopular position maintenance — upholds actuarially sound reserve or pricing positions in the face of sustained executive or commercial pressure to reduce costs or improve reported financial results Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Organizational resilience leadership — guides an actuarial function through prolonged periods of industry disruption, regulatory overhaul, or catastrophic loss emergence while sustaining analytical standards and team morale Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Profession defense — publicly defends actuarial methodologies and independence from political or commercial interference in regulatory, legislative, or media contexts, accepting professional risk in service of discipline integrity Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Sources:Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Show O*NET source anchors56 anchors · skillscrosswalk.com

O*NET enrichment · skillscrosswalk.com

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Source anchors that ground each statement

Related titles
Actuarial Analyst · Actuarial Associate · Actuarial Consultant · Actuarial Intern · Actuarial Mathematician · Actuarial Specialist · Actuary · Annuity Analyst · Consulting Actuary · Corporate Actuary · Enrolled Actuary · Forecast Analyst
RAPIDS apprenticeships
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O*NET skills
MathematicsCritical ThinkingJudgment and Decision MakingReading ComprehensionComplex Problem SolvingActive ListeningSystems EvaluationSpeakingSystems AnalysisWritingActive LearningMonitoringSocial PerceptivenessCoordinationService OrientationOperations AnalysisTime Management
Knowledge domains
MathematicsComputers and ElectronicsEconomics and AccountingEnglish LanguageLaw and Government
Abilities
Mathematical ReasoningInductive ReasoningNumber FacilityWritten ComprehensionCategory FlexibilityOral ExpressionDeductive ReasoningWritten ExpressionOral ComprehensionProblem Sensitivity
Work styles
Attention to DetailCautiousnessDependabilityIntellectual CuriosityIntegrityAchievement Orientation
Technology
Financial analysis softwareObject or component oriented development softwareCompliance softwareData base user interface and query softwareElectronic mail softwareAnalytical or scientific softwareSpreadsheet softwareOffice suite softwareBusiness intelligence and data analysis softwarePresentation software
Tasks · seed anchors for statements
  1. Ascertain premium rates required and cash reserves and liabilities necessary to ensure payment of future benefits.
  2. Collaborate with programmers, underwriters, accounts, claims experts, and senior management to help companies develop plans for new lines of business or improvements to existing business.
  3. Analyze statistical information to estimate mortality, accident, sickness, disability, and retirement rates.
  4. Design, review, and help administer insurance, annuity and pension plans, determining financial soundness and calculating premiums.
  5. Determine, or help determine, company policy, and explain complex technical matters to company executives, government officials, shareholders, policyholders, or the public.
  6. Construct probability tables for events such as fires, natural disasters, and unemployment, based on analysis of statistical data and other pertinent information.
  7. Provide advice to clients on a contract basis, working as a consultant.
  8. Determine equitable basis for distributing surplus earnings under participating insurance and annuity contracts in mutual companies.
CIP education codes
27.030127.030427.050127.050227.050327.059927.060152.021552.1304

Sources: O*NET v30.2 (CC BY 4.0), SkillsCrosswalk.com, LER.me, Anthropic Economic Index, SAFI (Jadhav & Danve, 2026), WEF Skills Taxonomy 2021, Pathsmith Durable Skills Framework. © 2026 EBSCOed.