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Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining

SOC 47-5022.00Job Zone 2 · Some Preparationv.26.05

Context coveredThis framework covers competencies for operating excavating, loading, and dragline machines in surface mining environments, from entry-level machine familiarization through organizational leadership of extraction operations.

Sources:O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.SkillsCrosswalkSkillsCrosswalk — O*NET enrichment + adjacency index. Opens in new tab.
Emerging
Entry / Apprentice
  1. Machine controls including levers, foot pedals, and dials — identify and operate under direct supervision on a surface mining site.
  2. Pre-operation equipment inspection — perform basic walkaround checks following a printed checklist before each shift.
  3. Digging plans and operator manuals — read and ask clarifying questions to become familiar with machine capabilities and site-specific procedures.
  4. Hand signals and grade stakes — recognize and respond to standard signals while operating equipment under close supervisor guidance.
  5. Written and oral work instructions — receive, repeat back, and follow directions for material movement or excavation tasks.
  6. Power shovel or backhoe controls — practice coordinated multilimb inputs in low-risk areas of the mine under trainer observation.
  7. Short-distance material movement — move spoil or aggregate around a designated work zone with spotter assistance.
  8. Workplace hazard awareness — identify and report unsafe ground conditions, berm failures, or equipment faults to a supervisor.
  9. Basic mechanical vocabulary — use correct terminology when describing equipment components or malfunctions during shift handoffs.
  10. Personal protective equipment and site entry protocols — apply consistently before boarding any machine or entering the work area.
Developing
Mid-level / Established
  1. Power shovels, scraper loaders, and backhoes — operate routinely with reduced oversight to meet daily production targets on a surface mine bench.
  2. Pre-shift and post-shift equipment inspections — complete independently, document findings, and flag maintenance needs using site reporting forms.
  3. Digging plan specifications — read and interpret grade stakes and survey markings to excavate to specified depth and grade without constant supervision.
  4. Backfilling, rock breaking, and incline shaping — perform varied excavation activities adapting technique to soil and rock conditions encountered.
  5. Operator-level troubleshooting — identify common hydraulic, track, or bucket issues and coordinate with maintenance crew for timely repairs.
  6. Oral and written work orders — interpret and prioritize multiple instructions across a shift to maintain efficient material flow on site.
  7. Ramp and incline construction — grade and maintain haul-road ramps to safe slope specifications using machine blade or bucket.
  8. Production monitoring — track cycle times and observe equipment performance indicators to sustain consistent output during a standard shift.
  9. Coordination with haul truck operators — time loading sequences and spot trucks efficiently to minimize wait time and maximize payload.
  10. Winter road construction — operate machinery to compact or blade frozen-ground roads following cold-weather operational procedures.
Proficient
Senior / Expert IC
  1. Full equipment fleet including draglines and stripping shovels — operate autonomously across varied surface mining conditions and non-routine ground challenges.
  2. Complex digging plans and cut sequences — analyze and execute multi-bench excavation strategies adjusting for unexpected rock, water, or utility conflicts.
  3. Non-routine mechanical faults — diagnose and resolve equipment malfunctions in the field using mechanical knowledge and industrial control software diagnostics.
  4. Grade and volume accuracy — achieve tight cut tolerances independently, cross-checking machine position against grade stakes and survey data without supervision.
  5. Hazard recognition and response — identify slope instability, equipment overload, or site flooding in real time and take corrective action without prompting.
  6. Equipment selection for task conditions — evaluate soil, rock type, and production requirements to recommend the most efficient machine configuration or attachment.
  7. Shift documentation and reporting — record production volumes, fuel consumption, and incident data accurately using spreadsheet or office suite software.
  8. Training of entry-level operators — demonstrate safe machine operation techniques and mentor new hires through hands-on coaching during live production shifts.
  9. Coordination across disciplines — communicate excavation progress and schedule impacts clearly with surveyors, blasting crews, and site supervisors.
  10. Regulatory and environmental compliance — apply mining permit conditions and environmental controls during excavation to protect groundwater and slope stability.
Advanced
Lead / Principal / Executive
  1. Site-wide excavation strategy — develop and communicate multi-phase digging sequences that optimize production, safety, and cost across the entire surface mine operation.
  2. Operator competency standards — design and implement a structured on-the-job training program that advances workers from entry level to proficient across all machine types.
  3. Equipment fleet planning — evaluate machine capabilities, maintenance cycles, and production demands to recommend procurement or retirement decisions to mine management.
  4. Safety culture leadership — establish pre-shift briefing standards, hazard reporting systems, and corrective-action protocols adopted across the extraction workforce.
  5. Production performance analysis — use operational data from industrial control and spreadsheet software to identify efficiency gaps and drive measurable improvement.
  6. Cross-departmental coordination — align excavation schedules with blasting, hauling, and reclamation teams to eliminate bottlenecks at an organizational level.
  7. Regulatory liaison — represent the operation in discussions with mining safety inspectors, translating compliance requirements into workable site procedures.
  8. Incident investigation and root cause analysis — lead post-incident reviews for equipment damage or near-miss events, producing findings that reshape operational policy.
  9. Mentorship of developing supervisors — coach lead operators and shift supervisors in decision-making, team communication, and stress management on active mine sites.
  10. Continuous improvement initiatives — pilot new operating techniques, attachment technologies, or haul-road designs and present results to senior leadership for adoption.

AI-at-Work Competency Framework

Sources:Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropic Economic Index — release_2026_03_24. Opens in new tab.Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab.WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab.
Subscriber feature

Authoritative source data identified for 998 occupations

How a worker at each mastery level uses, directs, and evaluates AI tools in this occupation. Each statement cites its evidence inline; click a citation chip to verify the source.

Emerging
  1. Basic pre-shift AI tool orientation — reviews AI-generated equipment inspection checklists and daily dig-plan summaries before mounting the machine, cross-referencing against printed work orders WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
Developing
  1. Operator-assist alert acknowledgment — monitors onboard AI-driven proximity and load sensors during operation, responding to automated warnings while retaining manual control of all levers, pedals, and dials Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  2. Dig-plan comprehension via AI summary — uses an AI reading assistant to parse dense digging specifications and grade-stake data, then confirms key depths and tolerances with the site supervisor before breaking ground WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
Proficient
  1. Operations monitoring integration — directs AI-powered telemetry dashboards to track real-time machine performance metrics such as cycle times, swing angles, and payload weights, adjusting technique when readings drift outside specification Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  2. Predictive maintenance triage — interprets AI-flagged maintenance alerts for hydraulic pressure, engine temperature, and track wear, prioritizing which findings require immediate shutdown versus end-of-shift service Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
  3. Grade and alignment verification — cross-checks AI-processed GPS and machine-guidance overlays against physical grade stakes and hand signals, overriding automated positioning cues whenever site conditions deviate from the model WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
Advanced
  1. Autonomous excavation supervision — oversees semi-autonomous digging sequences on repetitive bench cuts, intervening to correct AI-directed bucket paths when material hardness or slope conditions exceed the system's trained parameters Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab. WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
  2. AI Impact window exploitation — leads crew-level adoption of upskilling opportunities created by AI-assisted production planning, coaching less experienced operators on reconciling algorithmic dig schedules with physical machine limitations Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab..
  3. Cross-system data governance — evaluates outputs from multiple AI platforms (machine-guidance, fleet dispatch, and safety monitoring) for conflicts, escalating discrepancies to engineering before authorizing production blasts or major equipment repositioning WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab..
Evidence pack
SAFI positioning
Top skill: Operation and Control
Score: 62.1 / 100
Quadrant: Q3_upskilling_window
precision: category_estimate
WEF cluster
Technology Use, Monitoring and Control
technology_use_monitoring_control
Sources:WEF Skills TaxonomyWEF Skills Taxonomy 2021 — Building a Common Language for Skills at Work. Opens in new tab.Jadhav & Danve, 2026Skill Automation Feasibility Index — Jadhav & Danve, 2026 (arXiv:2604.06906). Opens in new tab.

Pathsmith Durable Skills Framework

Sources:Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Subscriber feature

Ten durable-skill domains mapped to four proficiency/role levels for each occupation. Each statement is aligned to the Pathsmith taxonomy, derived from trusted grounding data and mapped to occupation-specific O*NET tasks and skills.

1Communication10 statements
Emerging
  1. Oral instruction receipt — listens to foreman's verbal directives on excavation sequence and repeats key details to confirm understanding Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Grade stake interpretation — reads basic site markings and communicates observed discrepancies to a supervisor before proceeding Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Hand signal comprehension — interprets spotter and ground crew hand signals accurately during active digging and loading cycles to maintain safe machine positioning Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Written plan review — reads and summarizes digging plans and cut specifications to align machine setup with project requirements Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Shift handoff communication — relays equipment status, ground conditions, and pending tasks to the incoming operator at shift change Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Site coordination dialogue — communicates clearly with haul truck drivers, survey crews, and ground personnel to synchronize material movement and minimize idle time Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Defect reporting — documents and verbally reports mechanical anomalies, unusual soil conditions, or safety concerns to the maintenance team and site supervisor using precise technical language Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  3. Specification confirmation — reads written excavation orders and confirms dimensional tolerances with the site engineer before commencing each new cut O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Cross-crew briefing — leads pre-shift safety and production briefings that align excavating, hauling, and blasting crews on daily objectives and hazard controls Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Incident documentation — authors clear written accounts of near-miss events or equipment failures that inform corrective action plans and regulatory filings Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
2Leadership8 statements
Emerging
  1. Personal accountability — accepts responsibility for maintaining assigned machine and reports pre-operation inspection findings without prompting from supervisors Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Safety initiative — voluntarily stops work and notifies a lead operator when ground conditions appear unstable, demonstrating early ownership of site safety Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Peer guidance — shares learned techniques for bench angle management or ramp construction with less experienced operators during informal on-site interactions Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Worksite sequencing — takes initiative to reposition equipment to the next priority cut when the assigned area becomes inaccessible, without waiting for explicit direction Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Production pace-setting — maintains consistent cycle times that establish a reliable production rhythm influencing haul truck scheduling and downstream processing rates Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Ground crew coordination — directs spotter and ground personnel placement to ensure safe working zones around the swing radius during complex multi-machine operations Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Mentorship of new operators — coaches trainee operators through equipment walk-arounds, cab controls familiarization, and graduated dig cycle practice while monitoring their progress Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Operational improvement leadership — champions adoption of revised digging sequences or ramp designs that improve site efficiency and presents rationale to site management Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
3Metacognition8 statements
Emerging
  1. Skill gap recognition — identifies personal weaknesses in depth estimation or swing control and requests additional supervised practice in those specific areas Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Pre-task planning awareness — reviews digging plans before starting a shift and mentally maps the sequence of cuts to anticipate machine repositioning needs Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Performance self-monitoring — tracks own cycle times and bucket fill rates during a shift and adjusts digging angle or crowd pressure when output falls below expectation Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Error reflection — after an over-dig or grade miss, analyzes the cause and adjusts depth control technique before resuming the cut Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Adaptive strategy selection — evaluates changing soil density, rock layering, or weather conditions mid-shift and consciously modifies bucket penetration speed and crowd force to maintain efficiency Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Learning transfer — applies lessons from previous project soil types or machine models to new site assignments, accelerating productive output from day one Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Cognitive load management — simultaneously monitors machine health indicators, grade stakes, ground crew positions, and production targets without degrading accuracy on any single task Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Continuous self-development planning — identifies emerging equipment technologies or revised safety regulations and proactively pursues training to maintain expert-level competence Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
4Critical Thinking8 statements
Emerging
  1. Pre-operation hazard identification — inspects equipment and surrounding ground conditions before starting and flags visible risks such as overhead lines, soft ground, or slope instability Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Instruction analysis — reads work orders and digging plans and asks clarifying questions when specifications appear ambiguous or contradictory Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Equipment symptom diagnosis — correlates unusual sounds, hydraulic pressure drops, or vibration patterns to probable mechanical causes and decides whether to continue, reduce load, or shut down Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Grade verification — compares actual excavated depth against grade stakes and surveys to detect discrepancies before they require costly rework Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Dig sequence optimization — analyzes bench geometry, overburden composition, and haul road position to determine the most efficient and stable excavation sequence Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Risk-benefit evaluation — weighs production pressure against ground instability indicators and makes the reasoned decision to halt excavation and regrade a ramp before proceeding Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Root cause analysis — investigates repeated equipment failures or production shortfalls, identifies underlying operational or maintenance causes, and recommends systemic corrective actions to site management Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Cross-discipline problem solving — integrates knowledge of blasting fragmentation quality, haul truck payload limits, and processing plant feed requirements to optimize excavation planning at a systems level Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
5Collaboration8 statements
Emerging
  1. Two-person safety compliance — works with a spotter to establish and maintain exclusion zones around the machine during startup and repositioning maneuvers Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Task sharing — assists fellow operators with equipment setup and inspection tasks when their workload exceeds individual capacity Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Multi-machine coordination — adjusts swing timing and bucket release position to avoid conflicts with adjacent excavating or loading machines operating in the same bench area Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Haul truck interface — coordinates loading rhythm with truck drivers, positioning each truck efficiently and signaling readiness to minimize wait time on both sides Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Survey and engineering collaboration — works directly with survey crews and site engineers to confirm grade, slope angle, and bench width tolerances during active excavation phases Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Maintenance team partnership — collaborates with mechanics during scheduled and unscheduled maintenance windows, providing accurate symptom descriptions and assisting with component access to minimize downtime Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Cross-functional production planning — participates in pre-blast and production planning meetings alongside drillers, blasters, surveyors, and haul fleet supervisors to align the excavation plan with site-wide targets Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Conflict de-escalation — mediates scheduling tensions between haul truck crews and excavating operators by facilitating objective discussion of cycle data and redistributing workload equitably Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
6Character8 statements
Emerging
  1. Inspection honesty — accurately records all pre-operation inspection findings, including defects, without omitting items that might delay the shift start Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Rule adherence — follows posted site speed limits, exclusion zones, and personal protective equipment requirements consistently without supervisor prompting Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Accountability for machine care — maintains the assigned machine's cleanliness, lubrication schedule, and minor maintenance tasks as personal responsibilities rather than optional duties Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Transparent error reporting — immediately reports a grade overshoot or accidental utility strike to the supervisor rather than attempting to conceal or independently correct the damage Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Ethical production reporting — records actual production tonnage and cycle counts accurately on daily reports, resisting pressure to inflate figures Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Workplace respect — treats ground crew, truck drivers, and maintenance personnel with consistent professionalism regardless of production stress or shift fatigue Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Safety culture stewardship — challenges unsafe shortcuts taken by peers or contractors on the bench and escalates unresolved hazards through the site's formal safety reporting system Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Professional integrity modeling — demonstrates consistent ethical behavior in documentation, communication, and machine use that establishes a benchmark others are visibly influenced by Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
7Creativity8 statements
Emerging
  1. Improvised access creation — devises a workable temporary ramp approach when the planned route becomes blocked, using available material and machine capability Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Problem workaround — adapts digging technique when encountering an unexpected buried obstruction, selecting an alternative approach angle to free the bucket without damaging the machine Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Bench geometry innovation — proposes a modified bench step configuration that improves material fragmentation access and reduces rehandle, based on observed dig resistance patterns Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Ramp maintenance creativity — designs a drainage swale into a haul ramp during construction to prevent water accumulation and extend ramp usability through wet weather Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Cycle time improvement experimentation — tests alternative bucket crowd angles and swing speeds in low-risk conditions and adopts the most productive combination for recurring soil types Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Equipment capability extension — applies machine functions in unconventional sequences, such as using the dragline to pre-strip soft overburden ahead of the shovel, improving overall bench efficiency Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Process redesign contribution — develops a revised multi-machine dig-and-fill sequence for a complex slope stabilization task that reduces total machine hours and presents it to the project engineer for approval Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Technology integration leadership — pilots the use of machine guidance display overlays on a new excavator model and creates a simplified operator reference card adopted site-wide Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
8Growth Mindset8 statements
Emerging
  1. Training receptiveness — accepts feedback from a lead operator on bucket loading technique and immediately applies the correction during the next cycle rather than defending previous practice Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. New equipment willingness — volunteers to transition to an unfamiliar machine model and dedicates time outside the cab to study the operator manual before first operation Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Setback recovery — resumes productive operation after a mechanical breakdown or weather delay with full focus rather than reduced effort for the remainder of the shift Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Skill stretch pursuit — requests assignment to a dragline or larger stripping shovel after mastering a smaller backhoe, actively seeking more complex challenges Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Feedback integration — incorporates production efficiency feedback from shift reports and supervisor reviews into adjusted operating technique within the same week Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Certification pursuit — enrolls in and completes manufacturer or industry operator certification programs to formalize and expand technical competence Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Continuous improvement modeling — openly shares personal performance data with the crew to normalize learning from metrics and encourages peers to treat production shortfalls as development opportunities Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Industry trend engagement — attends equipment manufacturer demonstrations or mining technology conferences and returns with applicable practices to trial on site Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
9Mindfulness8 statements
Emerging
  1. Fatigue self-monitoring — recognizes personal signs of alertness decline during extended shifts and reports to the supervisor before fatigue impairs machine control Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Pre-shift focus routine — conducts a deliberate walk-around inspection with full attention before entering the cab, resisting the impulse to rush the process Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Distraction management — maintains operational focus on grade stakes, spotter signals, and machine gauges simultaneously during active digging cycles without drifting attention to non-task stimuli Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Emotional regulation under pressure — maintains controlled machine inputs and clear communication with ground crew even when production targets are behind schedule or equipment is underperforming Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Situational awareness maintenance — continuously scans the full work zone including swing arc, bench edge, overhead hazards, and approaching haul trucks while executing dig cycles Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Stress-aware decision making — pauses machine operation and takes a deliberate assessment before responding to sudden ground movement or unexpected utility contact, avoiding reactive overcorrection Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Mindful crew influence — models calm, deliberate machine operation and measured communication during high-pressure production periods, visibly reducing crew tension and error frequency Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Intentional hazard anticipation — scans ahead of the current work face for indicators of subsurface voids, buried infrastructure, or slope instability before each new cut, integrating environmental awareness into every operational decision Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
10Fortitude8 statements
Emerging
  1. Weather persistence — continues productive operation within safe parameters during adverse conditions such as dust, heat, or cold rather than halting unnecessarily Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Equipment frustration tolerance — maintains professional composure and continues systematic troubleshooting when a machine malfunction resists quick resolution Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Developing
  1. Production pressure endurance — sustains consistent output quality and safety compliance during high-demand production periods without degrading operating standards Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Repetition resilience — maintains precision and attentiveness through the hundreds of repetitive dig-swing-dump cycles in a single shift without allowing routine to produce complacency Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Applying
  1. Difficult ground perseverance — continues effective excavation through hard rock, cemented gravels, or highly variable overburden by systematically adjusting technique rather than abandoning the approach Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab. O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
  2. Post-incident resolve — returns to full productive operation following a near-miss or equipment incident after completing required reporting and corrective actions, without prolonged hesitation Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Exceeding
  1. Extended project endurance — maintains high performance standards across multi-month remote or fly-in fly-out project rotations where isolation, environmental hardship, and sustained workload are constant Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
  2. Courageous safety advocacy — persists in raising unresolved safety concerns through escalating channels even when initial reports are dismissed by site supervision, prioritizing crew protection over personal comfort Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.
Sources:Pathsmith Durable SkillsPathsmith Durable Skills Framework — America Succeeds + CompTIA. Opens in new tab.O*NET v30.2O*NET Resource Center — Occupational Information Network, v30.2 (Sept 2025). Opens in new tab.
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Source anchors that ground each statement

Related titles
Aerial Tram Operator · Air Shovel Operator · Back Digger Operator · Back Filler Operator · Back Hoe Machine Operator · Back Hoe Operator · Backhoe Operator · Clam Shovel Operator · Coal Equipment Operator · Diesel Scoop Operator · Dragline Oiler · Dragline Operator
RAPIDS apprenticeships
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O*NET skills
Operation and ControlOperations MonitoringMonitoringReading ComprehensionActive ListeningSpeakingCoordinationPersuasionComplex Problem SolvingEquipment SelectionRepairingJudgment and Decision MakingTime ManagementCritical ThinkingActive LearningSocial PerceptivenessEquipment MaintenanceTroubleshooting
Knowledge domains
MechanicalBuilding and Construction
Abilities
Multilimb CoordinationControl PrecisionDepth PerceptionReaction TimeManual DexterityArm-Hand SteadinessRate ControlResponse OrientationFar VisionSpatial Orientation
Work styles
DependabilityCautiousnessAttention to DetailStress TolerancePerseveranceSelf-Confidence
Technology
Electronic mail softwareIndustrial control softwareSpreadsheet softwareOffice suite softwarePresentation softwareOperating system softwareWord processing software
Tasks · seed anchors for statements
  1. Move levers, depress foot pedals, and turn dials to operate power machinery, such as power shovels, stripping shovels, scraper loaders, or backhoes.
  2. Set up or inspect equipment prior to operation.
  3. Become familiar with digging plans, machine capabilities and limitations, and efficient and safe digging procedures in a given application.
  4. Observe hand signals, grade stakes, or other markings when operating machines so that work can be performed to specifications.
  5. Operate machinery to perform activities such as backfilling excavations, vibrating or breaking rock or concrete, or making winter roads.
  6. Receive written or oral instructions regarding material movement or excavation.
  7. Move materials over short distances, such as around a construction site, factory, or warehouse.
  8. Create or maintain inclines or ramps.
CIP education codes
49.0202

Sources: O*NET v30.2 (CC BY 4.0), SkillsCrosswalk.com, LER.me, Anthropic Economic Index, SAFI (Jadhav & Danve, 2026), WEF Skills Taxonomy 2021, Pathsmith Durable Skills Framework. © 2026 EBSCOed.